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- IEN 95
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- Source Routing
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- Danny Cohen
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- Jon Postel
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- 2 May 1979
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- Information Sciences Institute
- University of Southern California
- 4676 Admiralty Way
- Marina del Rey, California 90291
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- (213) 822-1511
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- IEN-95 D. Cohen
- J. Postel
- ISI
- 2 May 1979
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- SOURCE ROUTING
- --------------
-
- Introduction
- ------------
-
- This memo discusses source routing. Source routing allows (or requires)
- the source of a message to supply information with the message that will
- influence the route of that message as it passes through the
- communication system.
-
- Discussion
- ----------
-
- The Internet Protocol (IN) [1] header may contain both destination
- address field and a source route string.
-
- There are 3 possible relations between them:
-
- (1) The terminal destination address (TDA) is always in the IN
- destination address field (DAF),
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- (1A) The source route is included in an advisory capacity only. It
- is used if there is no known route to the TDA. Once the
- message arrives to where route to the TDA is known, the source
- route may be ignored.
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- (1B) The source route is mandatory and has to be followed until the
- TDA is reached.
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- (2) The DAF contains the address of the next leg of the source
- routing. Only when it is reached, the source routing option
- field has to be checked again. Hence, a source routed message
- can pass through intermediate gateways and nodes which are not
- capable of handling source routing, and only those nodes which
- are specifically mentioned in the source route (with the
- possible exception of the terminal destination) have to be able
- to handle the source routing option.
-
- The most reasonable of these three possibilities is (2). It has the
- same flavor as (1B), by forcing the message to traverse the specified
- source route, which is important for (i) reaching obscure destinations,
- (ii) security, and (iii) measurements.
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- Cohen & Postel [page 1]
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- 2 May 1979
- Source Routing IEN 95
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- The (2) possibility, unlike either (1A) and (1B), has the advantage that
- it does not require that all the involved gateways should be able to
- process the source routing options.
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- This is also a more efficient way to handle the source routing, because
- even in the case that all gateways can handle the source routing, only
- the ones specifically included in it, has to examine this option.
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- It is likely that if A has to source route to B, then B would need to
- source route to A. Since the source route from B to A may not be known,
- it is desired to figure it by "tracking" the messages from A to B.
-
- This can be done by using the Construct-Return-Route (CRR) option. When
- this option is included, each participating gateway adds to this option
- field its own name, as known in the environment to which to message is
- forwarded.
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- For example:
-
- S----1A----2B----3C----4D----R
- N1 N2 N3 N4 N5
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- The first gateway is known as "1" in the N1 network, and as "A" in the
- N2 net. Similarly, the second gateway is "2" for the N2 network and "B"
- for the next one. And so on. S may source-route a message to R as
- [N2:2, N4:4, N5:R] provided that its interface can route messages to
- N2, (but probably not to N3 and beyond), that the gateway 2B can route
- messages to N4, and so on.
-
- For the return route, [N5:D, N3:B, N1:S] should be used.
-
- In order to construct the return route, each process participating in
- the source route (by being included in the list) adds its
- "return-address" IN-FRONT of the return-route which is found in the CRR
- option field.
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- It is recommended to use this option only for initiating a
- communication, and to save time by not repeating the CRR request in
- every message thereafter.
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- Note, the source route cannot be used to constructing hierarchical
- addressing where not expected.
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- [page 2] Cohen & Postel
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- IEN 95 Source Routing
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- Here are 3 possible formats for the SR (S1, S2, S3), and 2 possible
- formats for the CRR (C1, C2).
-
- S -----> mM -----> nN -----> R
- -----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
- DAF | R | R | R |
- S1 SR | 3,1,m,n,R | 3,2,m,n,R | 3,3,m,n,R |
- -----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
- DAF | m | n | R |
- S2 SR | 3,1,m,n,R | 3,2,m,n,R | 3,3,m,n,R |
- -----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
- DAF | m | n | R |
- S3 SR | 2,n,R | 1,R | 0 |
- -----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
- SAF | S | S | S |
- C1 RR | 0 | 1,M | 2,M,N |
- -----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
- SAF | S | S | |
- C2 RR | 1,S | 2,S,M | 3,S,M,N |
- -----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
-
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- Legend
- ------
- for S1, S2 the SR format is "count,pointer,a1,a2,..."
- for S3, C1, C2 the SR or RR format is "count,a1,a2,..."
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- S3/C1 is the method selected.
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- Source Route Option
- -------------------
-
- +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+
- |00000011| length | source route |
- +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+
- Option=3
-
- The source route option provides a means for the source of an internet
- datagram to supply routing information to be used by the gateways in
- forwarding the datagram to the destination.
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- The option begins with the option type code. The second octet is the
- option length which includes the option type code and the length octet,
- as well as length-2 octets of source route data.
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- A source route is composed of a series of internet addresses. Each
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- Cohen & Postel [page 3]
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- Source Routing IEN 95
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- internet address is 32 bits or 4 octets. The length defaults to two,
- which indicates the source route is empty and the remaining routing is
- to be based on the destination address field.
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- If the address in destination address field has been reached and the
- length is not two, the next address in the source route replaces the
- address in the destination address field, and that address is deleted
- from the source route and the length is reduced by four.
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- Return Route Option
- -------------------
-
- +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+
- |00000111| length | return route |
- +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+
- Option=7
-
- The return route option provides a means to record the route of an
- internet datagram.
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- The option begins with the option type code. The second octet is the
- option length which includes the option type code and the length octet,
- as well as length-2 octets of return route data.
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- A return route is composed of a series of internet addresses. The
- length defaults to two, which indicates the return route is empty.
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- When an internet module routes a datagram it checks to see if the return
- route option is present. If it is, it inserts its own internet address
- as known in the environment into which this datagram is being forwarded
- into the return route at the front of the address string and increments
- the length by four.
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- [page 4] Cohen & Postel
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- 2 May 1979
- IEN 95 Source Routing
- References
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- References
- ----------
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- [1] Postel, J., "Internet Datagram Protocol -- Version 4," IEN 80,
- USC-Information Sciences Institute, February 1979.
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- [2] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol -- Version 4,"
- IEN 81, USC-Information Sciences Institute, February 1979.
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- Cohen & Postel [page 5]
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